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from https://www.vaticannews.va/en/vatican-city/news/2022-12/pope-emeritus-benedict-xvi-tornielli-god-is-love.html December 31, 2022 "The late Pope Emeritus Benedict XVI before the Eucharist "

from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-64107731 December 31, 2022

from https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1718/discovery-alert-for-this-familiar-planet-a-death-spiral/ Jan. 3, 2023 "Illustration of a previously discovered "hot Jupiter," Kepler-1658 b, that, new data shows, appears to be spiraling into its host star."

from https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.01591.pdf Jan. 3, 2023 "Figure 4. Top: Transit-clipped Quarter 11 long-cadence light curve for Kepler-1658. Bottom: Lomb-Scargle periodogram showing a strong peak at 5.66 ± 0.31 days, which we interpret as the stellar rotation period."

from https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/kepler/multimedia/images/Kepler_FOV_300.html Jan. 3, 2023 "Image credit: Software Bisque" Last Updated: Nov 2, 2018 / Editor: NASA Content Administrator

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Cygnus_IAU.svg Jan. 4, 2023 see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cygnus_(constellation) "IAU and Sky & Telescope magazine (Roger Sinnott & Rick Fienberg)'s IAU Cygnus chart" June 5, 2011

from https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.01591.pdf Jan. 3, 2023 "Figure 3. Surface gravity versus effection temperature for confirmed Kepler exoplanet hosts. Gray points represent confirmed hosts, with known asteroseismic hosts in black. Kepler-1658, represented by the red star, sits in an underpopulated area of stellar parameter space as a massive, evolved subgiant."

from https://www.nasa.gov/audience/formedia/telecon-20071106/comparison.html Jan. 5, 2023 "This artist's concept illustrates two planetary systems - 55 Cancri (top) and our own. Blue lines show the orbits of planets, including the dwarf planet Pluto in our solar system. The 55 Cancri system is currently the closest known analogue to our solar system, yet there are some fundamental differences." image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stellar_evolution#Main_sequence_stellar_mass_objects Jan. 5, 2023 "The evolutionary tracks of stars with different initial masses on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram. The tracks start once the star has evolved to the main sequence and stop when fusion stops (for massive stars) and at the end of the red-giant branch (for stars 1 M☉ and less).[8] A yellow track is shown for the Sun, which will become a red giant after its main-sequence phase ends before expanding further along the asymptotic giant branch, which will be the last phase in which the Sun undergoes fusion."

from https://arxiv.org/pdf/1903.01591.pdf Jan. 6, 2023 "Figure 6. Panel (a): Target pixel files of Kepler-1658 averaged over one full quarter. Panel (b): A difference image using frames coinciding with the maxima and minima of a phase curve calculated from the measured rotation period. The star marks the location of Kepler-1658, and the companion identified using AO imaging is marked with a cross."

from https://www.thedrive.com/news/37291/scientists-find-probable-location-of-massive-polar-exploration-vehicle-lost-for-decades Jan 10, 2024 AP images via The Drive

from https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/status/427/moxie-sets-consecutive-personal-bests-and-mars-records-for-oxygen-production/ Jan 9, 2023 "MOXIE All Tucked In: In this image, the gold-plated Mars Oxygen In-Situ Resource Utilization Experiment (MOXIE) Instrument shines after being installed inside the Perseverance rover. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech."

from https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-and-esa-agree-on-next-steps-to-return-mars-samples-to-earth Jan. 10, 2023 "This annotated image from NASA’s Perseverance shows the location of the first sample depot – where the Mars rover will deposit a group of sample tubes for possible future return to Earth – in an area of Jezero Crater called Three Forks. The image was taken Aug. 29, 2022. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech"

from https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/nasa-and-esa-agree-on-next-steps-to-return-mars-samples-to-earth Jan. 10, 2023 "Sample tube number 266 was used to collect the first sample of Martian rock by NASA's Perseverance rover. The laser-etched serial number helps science team identify the tubes and their contents. Credits: NASA/JPL-Caltech"

from https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/mars_2020_rover.jpg Jan. 12, 2023 see https://www.nasa.gov/isru/overview "The Perserverance rover (previously called Mars 2020) is host to seven payloads, including MOXIE, which will validate the capability to harvest volatiles from the Martian atmosphere. Credits: NASA"

from https://trs.jpl.nasa.gov/bitstream/handle/2014/52011/CL%2319-7239.pdf?sequence=1 Jan. 12, 2023 (screencapture of pdf file) "A Comparison of Previously Published Papers on the Economics of Lunar In Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU)" Robert Shishko, Ph.D. Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology - p. 3, associated with "Synopsis of Charania and DePasquale" (2007)

from https://appel.nasa.gov/2008/09/01/leadership-teamwork-and-focus-vikings-landing-on-mars/ Jan. 12, 2023 "The planetary landing spacecraft Viking I under assembly at Martin Marietta Aerospace. Learning about instrument sensitivity during the Ranger missions led to the use of white tech suits during assembly, which is a standard practice today. Photo Credit: NASA"

from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-64004329 "Cole Burston/BBC - Dr Madeline Li has helped hundreds of patients die. Now she has doubts about Canada's assisted dying programme."

from https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2023/hubble-visits-galactic-neighbors January 17, 2023 "This image from the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope features the galaxy LEDA 48062 in the constellation Perseus. LEDA 48062 is the faint, sparse, amorphous galaxy on the right side of the image, and it is accompanied by a more sharply defined neighbor on the left – the large, disk-like lenticular galaxy UGC 8603. A smattering of more distant galaxies litter the background while a handful of foreground stars shine brightly throughout the image. / Hubble recently spent some time studying our galactic neighbors. LEDA 48062 is only around 30 million light-years from the Milky Way and was therefore included in the observing campaign Every Known Nearby Galaxy. The aim of this campaign was to observe every known galaxy within 10 megaparsecs (around 33 million light-years) of the Milky Way. By getting to know our galactic neighbors, astronomers can determine what types of stars reside in various galaxies and also map out the local structure of the universe." Text credit: European Space Agency (ESA) Image credit: ESA/Hubble & NASA, R. Tully

from https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/nasa-s-webb-uncovers-star-formation-in-cluster-s-dusty-ribbons January 17, 2023 "NGC 346, shown here in this image from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam), is a dynamic star cluster that lies within a nebula 200,000 light years away. Webb reveals the presence of many more building blocks than previously expected, not only for stars, but also planets, in the form of clouds packed with dust and hydrogen. The plumes and arcs of gas in this image contains two types of hydrogen. The pink gas represents energized hydrogen, which is typically as hot as around 10,000 °C (approximately 18,000 °F) or more, while the more orange gas represents dense, molecular hydrogen, which is much colder at around -200 °C or less (approximately -300 °F), and associated dust. The colder gas provides an excellent environment for stars to form, and, as they do, they change the environment around them. The effect of this is seen in the various ridges throughout, which are created as the light of these young stars breaks down the dense clouds. The many pillars of glowing gas show the effects of this stellar erosion throughout the region. In this image blue was assigned to the wavelength of 2.0 microns (F200W), green was assigned to 2.77 microns (F277W), orange was assigned to 3.35 microns (F335M), and red was assigned to 4.44 microns (F444W). Credits: NASA, ESA, CSA, O. Jones (UK ATC), G. De Marchi (ESTEC), and M. Meixner (USRA). Image processing: A. Pagan (STScI), N. Habel (USRA), L. Lenkic (USRA) and L. Chu (NASA/Ames)"

from https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/chandra/news/astronomers-dig-out-buried-black-holes-with-nasas-chandra.html January 18, 2023 "A survey has revealed hundreds of previously unidentified black holes using data from the Chandra Source Catalog and the Sloan Digitized Sky Survey (SDSS). Researchers compared the X-ray and optical data for a class of objects known as “XBONGs” (X-ray bright, optically normal galaxies) to reveal about 400 supermassive black holes. These graphics show these XBONGs in X-rays from Chandra and optical light from SDSS. Credits: X-ray: NASA/CXC/SAO/D. Kim et al.; Optical/IR: Legacy Surveys/D. Lang (Perimeter Institute)" "By combining data from the Chandra Source Catalog – a public repository including hundreds of thousands of X-ray sources detected by the observatory over its first 15 years – and optical data from the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS), a team of astronomers was able to identify hundreds of black holes that had previously been hidden. They are in galaxies not previously identified to contain quasars, extremely bright objects with rapidly growing supermassive black holes"

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kejser_Caligula_(IN_2687).jpg Jan. 23, 2023 see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caligula "Description Dansk: Kejser Caligula (IN 2687)
Date 22 April 2009, 10:09:01
Source Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, København
Author Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, København
Licensing © The copyright holder of this file allows anyone to use it for any purpose, provided that the copyright holder is properly attributed. Redistribution, derivative work, commercial use, and all other use is permitted.
Attribution: Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, København"

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aqua_Claudia Jan. 23, 2023 "Description English: Panoramic view of the Aqua Claudia near Rome, the longest unbroken stretch of an above-ground aqueduct near Via Lemonia, Rome with a length of 1375 m. On top of the Aqua Claudia is the Anio Novus channel
Source Own work
Author Chris 73
Licensing I, the copyright holder of this work, hereby publish it under the following licenses:
w:en: Creative Commons
attribution share alike
This file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license."

from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Joseph_Mallord_William_Turner_-_Caligula%27s_Palace_and_Bridge_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg Jan. 23, 2023 see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salisbury_Cathedral_from_the_Meadows "Stay in the UK In May 2013 the painting was bought by Tate for £23.1m." "Artist J. M. W. Turner (1775–1851) Blue pencil.svg wikidata:Q159758 q:en:J. M. W. Turner
J. M. W. Turner: Caligula's Palace and Bridge
Title Caligula's Palace and Bridge
Object type painting
Date 1831 Edit this at Wikidata
Collection Tate Britain Blue pencil.svg wikidata:Q195436
Current location room T7)
Credit line Photo: Tate,London,2011
Tate Britain claims copyright in United Kingdom on this digital reproduction. For use there and in other restricted jurisdictions, see licensing information. See Commons:Reuse of PD-Art photographs for information on restricted jurisdictions."

from https://fineartamerica.com/featured/emperor-caligula-attacked-in-a-vault-by-an-armed-gang-jan-luyken-and-pieter-mortier.html Jan. 24, 2023 "Emperor Caligula Attacked In A Vault By An Armed Gang is a drawing by Jan Luyken And Pieter Mortier" and see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan_Luyken https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieter_Mortier and https://www.alamy.com/emperor-caligula-attacked-in-a-vault-by-an-armed-gang-and-killed-jan-luyken-pieter-mortier-1704-image240592002.html "Emperor Caligula attacked in a vault by an armed gang and killed, Jan Luyken, Pieter Mortier, 1704"

from https://guides.lib.uni.edu/Caligula Jan. 24, 2023 "Caligula. Fitzwilliam Museum. Cambridge University "This small, corroded bronze head has been identified as a rare surviving image of Caligula, one of only a few that escaped destruction or re-cutting after the hated Emperor’s assassination in 41 BC. ... After his death Caligula was not deified, as Augustus and Tiberius had been, and he suffered a damnatio memoriae – his name was removed from all public buildings and rolls of honour. His successor Claudius stopped short of declaring the day of his death a public holiday, but his statues were removed from public view. Some were thrown into the Tiber – a great dishonour. Others were recut to resemble Emperors of more blessed memory. And some were simply destroyed by a furious populace. Portraits on coins minted during his reign were defaced." --- Fitzwilliam" see https://fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/objects-and-artworks/highlights/GR1111937

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:(Toulouse)_Portrait_de_Germanicus_-_Mus%C3%A9e_Saint-Raymond_Ra_342_c.jpg see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus bust of Germanicus by unknown artist between 14 and 19 AD NOW AT Musée Saint-Raymond FOUND AT Béziers (see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9ziers )

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:RomaAraPacis_ProcessioneSudParticolare.jpg Jan. 24, 2023 see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanicus#House_and_early_life "Ara Pacis: processional frieze showing members of the Imperial household (south face). Germanicus is the toddler holding Antonia Minor's hand." https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ara_Pacis

from https://www.npr.org/2022/07/12/1109995973/we-know-greek-statues-werent-white-now-you-can-see-them-in-color Jan. 25, 2023 " In the galleries, colorful, reconstructed pieces are placed near similar, more familiar originals of white marble./Anna-Marie Kellen/Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York"

from https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-search-for-extraterrestrial-life-as-we-dont-know-it/ Jan. 30, 2023 "The Search for Extraterrestrial Life as We Don't Know It"; Sarah Scoles; February 1, 2023; Scientific American February 2023 Issue; credit: Jen Christiansen

from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62987703 Jan. 31, 2023 (article-datePublished":2023-01-30T22:02:17.000Z)

from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-62987703 Jan. 31, 2023 (article-datePublished":2023-01-30T22:02:17.000Z)

from https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/webb-unveils-dark-side-of-pre-stellar-ice-chemistry Feb. 1, 2023 "Astronomers have taken an inventory of the most deeply embedded ices in a cold molecular cloud to date. They used light from a background star, named NIR38, to illuminate the dark cloud called Chamaeleon I. Ices within the cloud absorbed certain wavelengths of infrared light, leaving spectral fingerprints called absorption lines. These lines indicate which substances are present within the molecular cloud. These graphs show spectral data from three of the James Webb Space Telescope’s instruments. In addition to simple ices like water, the science team was able to identify frozen forms of a wide range of molecules, from carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane, to the simplest complex organic molecule, methanol. Credits: NASA, ESA, CSA, and J. Olmsted (STScI)"

from https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/new-webb-image-reveals-dusty-disk-like-never-seen-before Feb. 1, 2023 "These two images are of the dusty debris disk around AU Mic, a red dwarf star located 32 light-years away in the southern constellation Microscopium. Scientists used Webb’s Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) to study AU Mic. NIRCam’s coronagraph, which blocked the intense light of the central star, allowed the team to study the region very close to the star. The location of the star, which is masked out, is marked by a white, graphical representation at the center of each image. The region blocked by the coronagraph is shown by a dashed circle. Credits: NASA, ESA, CSA, and K. Lawson (Goddard Space Flight Center). Image processing: A. Pagan (STScI)"

from https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/news/1719/discovery-alert-two-nearby-worlds-might-be-habitable/ Feb. 1, 2023 "Artist's impression of two Earth-mass planets orbiting the star GJ 1002. Credit: Alejandro Suárez Mascareño and Inés Bonet (IAC)"

from https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2022/two-exoplanets-may-be-mostly-water-nasas-hubble-and-spitzer-find Feb. 1, 2023 "This is an artist's illustration showing a cross-section of the Earth (left) and the exoplanet Kepler-138 d (right). Like the Earth, this exoplanet has an interior composed of metals and rocks (brown portion), but Kepler-138 d also has a thick layer of high-pressure water in various forms: supercritical and potentially liquid water deep inside the planet and an extended water vapor envelope (shades of blue) above it. These water layers make up more than 50% of its volume, or a depth of about 1,243 miles (2,000 kilometers). The Earth, in comparison, has a negligible fraction of liquid water with an average ocean depth of less than 2.5 miles (4 kilometers). Credits: Benoit Gougeon (University of Montreal)"

from https://esawebb.org/images/weic2303b/ Feb. 2, 2023 "This image by the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope’s Near-InfraRed Camera (NIRCam) features the central region of the Chameleon I dark molecular cloud, which resides 630 light years away. The cold, wispy cloud material (blue, centre) is illuminated in the infrared by the glow of the young, outflowing protostar Ced 110 IRS 4 (orange, upper left). The light from numerous background stars, seen as orange dots behind the cloud, can be used to detect ices in the cloud, which absorb the starlight passing through them.//Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, and M. Zamani (ESA/Webb); Science: F. Sun (Steward Observatory), Z. Smith (Open University), and the Ice Age ERS Team."

from https://www.npr.org/2023/02/07/1154840710/whats-the-fairest-way-to-share-cosmic-views-from-hubble-and-james-webb-telescope Feb. 7, 2023 " This image of the Southern Ring Nebula was one of the first James Webb Space Telescope images released to the public last year. NASA, ESA, CSA, STScI "

from ( https://phys.org/news/2013-12-capabilities-simulation-tidally-exoplanets.html ???) More likely https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1315215111 October 16, 2017, processed Feb. 5, 2023 "Spatial distributions of sea-ice fraction and surface air temperature. (Left) Sea-ice fraction (unit, %); (Right) surface air temperature (unit, °C); (Upper) 355 ppmv CO2; and (Lower) 200,000 ppmv CO2. In A and B, arrows indicate wind velocity at the lowest level of the atmospheric model (990 hPa), with a length scale of 15 m s−1. In C and D, arrows indicate ocean surface current velocity, with a length scale of 3 m s−1. Note that the color scale for surface air temperature is not linear. The substellar point is at the equator and 180° in longtitude."

from ( https://phys.org/news/2013-12-capabilities-simulation-tidally-exoplanets.html ???) More likely https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1315215111 October 16, 2017, processed Feb. 5, 2023 "Depth–latitude cross-sections of zonal-mean ocean potential temperatures and zonal-mean zonal velocity. (Left) Ocean potential temperature (unit, °C); (Right) ocean zonal velocity (unit, m s−1); (Upper) 355 ppmv CO2; and (Lower) 200,000 ppmv CO2. In C and D, yellow-red colors indicate westerly flows, blue colors indicate easterly flows, and contours are the mean meridional mass streamfunction. Solid contours indicate clockwise streamlines, and dashed contours are anticlockwise streamlines. Contour interval is 100 Sv."

from https://lweb.cfa.harvard.edu/~avanderb/k2c16/ep211414619.html Feb. 6, 2023

from https://hubblesite.org/contents/media/images/2007/02/2035-Image.html Feb 6, 2023 Credits NASA, ESA, J. R. Graham and P. Kalas (University of California, Berkeley), and B. Matthews (Hertzberg Institute of Astrophysics) This image was created from HST data from the following proposal 10228 : P. Kalas, J. Graham, and B. Matthews (University of California, Berkeley). Instrument: HST>ACS/HRC / Exposure Dates: August 1, 2004 / Filters: F606W (V) (POL0V, POL60V, and POL120V) "This image is representatively colored in a heat map color scheme. This image is a composite of many separate exposures made by the ACS/HRC instrument on the Hubble Space Telescope. Exposures were made through a filter sampling a broad range of wavelengths plus three separate polarizing filters with angles of polarization at 0°, 60° and 120°. The exposures have been combined into a single monochromatic image with brightness values mapped to a sequence of colors."

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Zodiacal_light.jpg FEb. 7, 2023 "Source: 'Zvířetníkové světlo.' Ottův Slovník Naučný. Vol. 27. Praha: J. Otto, 1908. 720. Print. / Author: Václav Rosický / 'Zodiacal light.' Otto's Educational Dictionary. Vol. 27. Prague: J. Otto, 1908. 720. Print." see https://cs.wikisource.org/wiki/Ott%C5%AFv_slovn%C3%ADk_nau%C4%8Dn%C3%BD/Zv%C3%AD%C5%99etn%C3%ADkov%C3%A9_sv%C4%9Btlo

from https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/mysterious-ripples-found-racing-through-planet-forming-disk Feb. 9, 2023 "This set of images of a 40 billion-mile diameter edge-on disk encircling the young star AU Microscopii reveals a string of mysterious wave-like features. Astronomers discovered the ripples are moving across the disk at speed of 22,000 miles per hour. The cause of the phenomenon is unknown and never-before seen in stellar gas and dust disks. - Credits: NASA, ESA, ESO, A. Boccaletti (Paris Observatory)"

"Exoplanet hunters rethink search for alien life"
Alexandra Witze, Nature 551, 421–422 (November 1, 12017)
Change history; November 20, 2017: This story misstated the outcome of the vote at the Laramie meeting as 47% no to 29% yes. In fact, the result was 47 votes yes, 29 votes no.
From https://www.nature.com/articles/nature.2017.23023 Feb. 9, 2023 - file:///C:/Users/Brian/Downloads/nature.2017.23023.pdf

"Habitability of Exoplanet Waterworlds"
Edwin S. Kite, Eric B. Ford; Astrophysical Journal 864:75 (September 1, 2018) (Draft version September 3, 2018) via arXiv, Cornell University
From https://arxiv.org/abs/1801.00748 Feb. 9, 2023 - https://arxiv.org/pdf/1801.00748.pdf

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dali_-_The_Sacrament_of_the_Last_Supper_-_lowres.jpg Feb. 13, 2023 see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sacrament_of_the_Last_Supper NOTE "This image is of a drawing, painting, print, or other two-dimensional work of art, and the copyright for it is most likely owned by either the artist who produced the image, the person who commissioned the work, or their heirs. It is believed that the use of low-resolution images of works of art for critical commentary on the work in question, the artistic genre or technique of the work of art or the school to which the artist belongs on the English-language Wikipedia, hosted on servers in the United States by the non-profit Wikimedia Foundation, qualifies as fair use under United States copyright law. Any other uses of this image, on Wikipedia or elsewhere, might be copyright infringement. See Wikipedia:Non-free content for more information."

from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64595418 Feb. 14, 2023 (both photos, Reuters) "The excavation site in Nyayanga where hundreds of stone tools dating to roughly 2.9 million years ago were found" (text: BBC News)

from http://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-32804177 May 27, 2015 see DefaultCatholic15.htm#stonetools

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Salon_de_Madame_Geoffrin.jpg Feb. 16, 2023 see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment Anicet Charles Gabriel Lemonnier's "Reading of Voltaire's L'Orphelin de la Chine (a tragedy about Ghengis Khan and his sons, published in 1755), in the salon of Madame Geoffrin (Malmaison, 1812)."

from https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/nasa-s-webb-reveals-intricate-networks-of-gas-and-dust-in-nearby-galaxies Feb. 23, 2023 "New imagery from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope is giving scientists their first look at high resolution into the fine structure of nearby galaxies and how that’s impacted by the formation of young stars. NGC 1433 is a barred spiral galaxy with a particularly bright core surrounded by double star forming rings. For the first time, in Webb’s infrared images, scientists can see cavernous bubbles of gas where forming stars have released energy into their surrounding environment. In the image of NGC 1433, blue, green, and red were assigned to Webb’s MIRI data at 7.7, 10 and 11.3, and 21 microns (F770W, F1000W and F1130W, and F2100W, respectively). Credits: NASA, ESA, CSA, and J. Lee (NOIRLab). Image processing: A. Pagan (STScI)"

from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:A_galaxy_with_a_glowing_heart.jpg Feb. 23, 2023 see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NGC_1433 "This view, captured by the NASA/ESA Hubble Space Telescope, shows a nearby spiral galaxy known as NGC 1433. At about 32 million light-years from Earth, it is a type of very active galaxy known as a Seyfert galaxy — a classification that accounts for 10% of all galaxies. They have very bright, luminous centres comparable to that of our galaxy, the Milky Way. Galaxy cores are of great interest to astronomers. The centres of most, if not all, galaxies are thought to contain a supermassive black hole, surrounded by a disc of infalling material. NGC 1433 is being studied as part of a survey of 50 nearby galaxies known as the Legacy ExtraGalactic UV Survey (LEGUS). Ultraviolet radiation is observed from galaxies, mainly tracing the most recently formed stars. In Seyfert galaxies, ultraviolet light is also thought to emanate from the accretion discs around their central black holes. Studying these galaxies in the ultraviolet part of the spectrum is incredibly useful to study how the gas is behaving near the black hole. This image was obtained using a mix of ultraviolet, visible, and infrared light. LEGUS will study a full range of properties from a sample of galaxies, including their internal structure. This Hubble survey will provide a unique foundation for future observations with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA). ALMA has already caught unexpected results relating to the centre of NGC 1433, finding a surprising spiral structure in the molecular gas close to the centre of NGC 1433. The astronomers also found a jet of material flowing away from the black hole, extending for only 150 light-years — the smallest such molecular outflow ever observed in a galaxy beyond our own. Date 7 July 2014, 10:00:00 Source http://www.spacetelescope.org/images/potw1427a/ Author ESA/Hubble & NASA Acknowledgements: D. Calzetti (UMass) and the LEGUS Team"

from https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2023/nasa-s-webb-uncovers-new-details-in-pandora-s-cluster Feb. 23, 2023 "Astronomers estimate 50,000 sources of near-infrared light are represented in this image from NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope. Their light has travelled through varying distances to reach the telescope’s detectors, representing the vastness of space in a single image. Credits: NASA, ESA, CSA, I. Labbe (Swinburne University of Technology) and R. Bezanson (University of Pittsburgh). Image processing: Alyssa Pagan (STScI)"

from https://webbtelescope.org/resource-gallery/images/zoomable-pandoras-cluster Feb. 23, 2023 "Zoomable Image: Pandora's Cluster (NIRCam)"

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gravitational_lens-full.jpg Feb. 23, 2023 "English: Illustration for gravitational lens. Bending light around a massive object from a distant source. The orange arrows show the apparent position of the background source. The white arrows show the path of the light from the true position of the source. (Source: http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/archive/2000/07/image/c page no longer online - via en.wikipedia) Copyright status: Material credited to STScI on this site was created, authored, and/or prepared for NASA under Contract NAS5-26555. Unless otherwise specifically stated, no claim to copyright is being asserted by STScI and it may be freely used as in the public domain in accordance with NASA's contract." see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravitational_lens

from https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2023/102/01GNVXWS67QNTC7Z10FN2CJB1H Feb. 23, 2023 "Exoplanet LHS 475 b (NIRSpec Transit Light Curve)" see https://esawebb.org/images/weic2302c/ "How do researchers spot a distant planet? By observing the changes in light as it orbits its star. A light curve from the NASA/ESA/CSA James Webb Space Telescope’s Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) shows the change in brightness from the LHS 475 star system over time as the planet transited the star on 31 August 2022. LHS 475 b is a rocky, Earth-sized exoplanet that orbits a red dwarf star roughly 41 light-years away, in the constellation Octans. The planet is extremely close to its star, completing one orbit in two Earth-days. Confirmation of the presence of the planet was made possible by Webb’s data. [Image Description: The graphic shows the change in relative brightness of the star-planet system spanning three hours. The spectrum shows that the brightness of the system remains steady until the planet begins to transit the star. It then decreases, representing when the planet is directly in front of the star. The brightness increases again when the planet is no longer blocking the star, at which point it levels out.] Credit: NASA, ESA, CSA, L. Hustak (STScI), K. Stevenson, J. Lustig-Yaeger, E. May (Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory), G. Fu (Johns Hopkins University), and S. Moran (University of Arizona)" and see

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Exoplanet_LHS_475_b_(Transmission_Spectrum).png " Researchers used NASA’s James Webb Space Telescope’s Near-Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec) to observe exoplanet LHS 475 b during August 31, 2022, using the NIRSpec bright object time-series mode; a grating to spread out light from an object and measure the brightness of each wavelength at set intervals of time. A transmission spectrum is made by comparing starlight as it filters through a planet’s atmosphere while it moves in front of a star to the unfiltered starlight detected when the planet and star do not coincide. Each of the 56 data points (white dots) on this graph represents the amount of light that the planet blocks from the star at a different wavelength of light, molecules in the planet’s atmosphere show by increasing the apparent size of the planet at specific wavelengths. Although additional data are required before a conclusion can be made, the data shown here is consistent with a featureless spectrum representative of a planet that has no atmosphere (The yellow line represents the best-fit model for a featureless spectrum that contains no evidence of the planet’s atmosphere). The researchers studying LHS 475 b suggest that an additional, upcoming observation may act as a “tie breaker,” allowing them to identify any presence of carbon dioxide – or any other molecule – or rule everything out and conclude the planet has no atmosphere. The purple line represents a pure carbon dioxide atmosphere and is indistinguishable from a flat line at the current level of precision. An atmosphere made up of pure carbon dioxide is far more difficult to detect, even for Webb’s advanced instruments. “We require very, very precise data to be able to distinguish a pure carbon dioxide atmosphere from no atmosphere at all,” explained Jacob Lustig-Yaeger of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. “A pure carbon dioxide atmosphere may be thin like the one on Mars, making it difficult to detect.” The green line represents a pure methane atmosphere, which is not favored since if methane were present, it would be expected to block more starlight at 3.3 microns.The gray lines extending above and below each data point are error bars that show the uncertainty of each measurement, or the reasonable range of actual possible values. For a single observation, the error on these measurements is extremely small (30 to 50 parts per million). LHS 475 b is a rocky exoplanet approximately that same size as Earth. It orbits a constellation Octans red dwarf star at approximately 40.7 light-years distance from Earth, extremely close to its star with a one orbital period of approximately 48 hours. The planet’s discovery was confirmed with data from the Webb Telescope. The background illustration is based on current understanding of the planet from Webb spectroscopy only. Webb has not captured a direct image of the planet or its atmosphere. NIRSpec was built for the European Space Agency (ESA) by a consortium of European companies led by Airbus Defence and Space (ADS) with NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center providing its detector and micro-shutter subsystems. Date 11 January 2023 Source https://webbtelescope.org/contents/media/images/2023/102/01GNVWTAZKPVD1GNC0HZF52YTB Author ILLUSTRATION: NASA, ESA, CSA, Leah Hustak (STScI) SCIENCE: Kevin B. Stevenson (APL), Jacob A. Lustig-Yaeger (APL), Erin M. May (APL), Guangwei Fu (JHU), Sarah E. Moran (University of Arizona)"

from https://exoplanets.nasa.gov/what-is-an-exoplanet/planet-types/terrestrial/ February 24, 2023 "Terrestrial | Planet Types – Exoplanet Exploration: Planets Beyond our Solar System" "Artist’s concept of how rocky, potentially habitable worlds elsewhere in our galaxy might appear. Data gathered by telescopes in space and on the ground suggest that small, rocky planets are common. (Placing them so close together in a line is for illustrative purposes only.) Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/R. Hurt" - 2022-04-13 15:45:47 -0700' property='og:updated_time

Feb. 27, 2023 from Collier's October 25, 1952 page 45 artist: Chesley Bonestell
and see p. 40 text: "...tanklike cars equipped with caterpillar treads for mobility over the moon's rough surface. The pressurize, cylindrical cabins hold seven men, two-way radio equipment, radar for measuring distances and depths, and a 12-hour hour supply of oxygen, food, water and fuel. Power is supplied by an enclosed turbine driven by a combination of hydrogen peroxide and fuel oil (oxygen escaping from the hydrogen peroxide enables the fuel oil to ignite)...."
moon collier's p. 45

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apollo15LunarRover.jpg Feb. 27, 2023 "One of a series of images taken as a pan of the Apollo 15 landing site, taken by Commander Dave Scott. Featured is the Lunar Roving Vehicle at its final resting place after EVA-3. At the back is a rake used during the mission. Also note the red Bible atop the hand controller in the middle of the vehicle, placed there by Scott. Date 1 August 1971 / Source "http:--www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/alsj/a15/images15.html"(direct link) Author NASA/Dave Scott; cropped by User:Bubba73 / Permission (Reusing this file) / Public domain" and see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_Roving_Vehicle

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:The_Antarctic_Snow_Cruiser_and_its_crew.jpg Feb. 27, 2023 see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Snow_Cruiser "The crew of the Antarctic Snow Cruiser photographed in Antarctica on September 20, 1940. From left to right: C. W. Griffith, diesel mechanic; Dr. Franklin Alton Wade, commander; Felix L. Ferranto, radio operator; and Theodore Argyres Petras, pilot of the Snow Cruiser's airplane." 20 September 1940 author C. C. Shirley This image is a work of a United States Antarctic Program employee, taken or made as part of that person's official duties. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain in the United States.

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crew_member_Felix_Ferranto_using_a_blowtorch_to_thaw_out_the_wheelhub_motors_of_the_Antarctic_Snow_Cruiser.jpg Feb. 27, 2023 see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Snow_Cruiser "Sergeant Felix Ferranto, the radio operator, uses a Primus blowtorch to thaw out the wheelhub motors of the Antarctic Snow Cruiser on August 23, 1940." 23 August 1940 (From The Atlantic (https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2016/01/the-antarctic-snow-cruiser-updated/424851/) author C. C. Shirley This image is a work of a United States Antarctic Program employee, taken or made as part of that person's official duties. As a work of the U.S. federal government, the image is in the public domain in the United States.

from https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/national-snow-and-ice-data-center Feb. 28, 2023 "A graphic showing the Antarctica Plateau where temperatures in several hollows can dip below minus 133.6 degrees F." By National Land Imaging Program 2014 (approx.) - Public Domain.

from https://mars.nasa.gov/mars2020/mission/status/ Feb. 28, 2023 see https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/2120/nasa-planetary-science-highlights-2021/ "NASA's Perseverance Mars rover took a selfie with the Ingenuity helicopter, seen here about 13 feet (3.9 meters) from the rover in this image from April 6, 2021. The selfie is made up of 62 individual images taken with a camera at the end of the rover's robotic arm, and later stitched together. Image credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/MSSS"

from https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PressurizedRoversOnMars.jpg March 2, 2023 see https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crewed_Mars_rover https://www.nasa.gov/pdf/373665main_NASA-SP-2009-566.pdf "An artist’s concept depicting long-range exploration on the surface of Mars using pressurized rovers." NASA (Rawlings) (2007)

Taken March 2, 2:36 p.m. 903 Ash Street South front yard.